yo,
Check Battery Voltage; "...a normal battery that is fully charged produces 12.6 volts, not just 12.0 V. (Remember, when measuring battery voltage, everything in the car should be off, or the battery should be disconnected. Voltage measurements are always "no load" measurements unless the battery is being tested for it's performance under load)..."
Source: by Gordon via miesk5
This is the Voltage Drop device that Bully Bob mentioned;
Instrument Voltage Regulator (IVR) in 78-86;
The IVR can fail two different ways. it will quit working altogether, thus none of the gauges will work.
Or two, it will stick, and the gauges will peg to the extreme right, then it will unstick and fall back to normal.
The IVR is a pulse type. The voltage is regulated by how fast the pulses are. When it sticks, it doesn't pulse, etc... Try tapping on it.
Make sure the cluster ground is in good shape. If the IVR isn't grounded or has an intermittant ground, it wont pulse like it should either.
Rebuild it, see
http://www.turbocoupe.org/techinfo/ivr/IVR.htmold
or,
Suggest getting one from a Yard; Since there are about 12 different types, make sure to take the old one with you;
Fits: 1971/86 F100/350; 1971/91 Econoline;
1978/86 Bronco; 1977/79 LTD II/Ranchero/Cougar/Thunderbird without Tachometer; 1972/76 Thunderbird/Continental Mark IV; 1971/72 LTD/Mercury Marquis for MOTORCRAFT Part # GR513 {D1AF10804AA, D1AZ10804A}..."
Instrument Voltage Regulator (IVR) Source for 80-86
Source: by lmctruck
http://www.lmctruck.com/icatalog/fd/full.aspx?Page=34
Remove the instrument cluster and then pop the VR off the film circuit; it's a metal box with 2 brass snaps.
The hardest part will be getting the headlight & wiper knobs off.
In this photo, counting from the RIGHT, it's between the 2nd & 3rd black bulb holders along the top of the cluster.
You can see the hex ***** holding the mounting tab, and just below that, you can see the 2 brass snap terminals..." by Steve
Wiring Diagram in an 86 & Ford truck
Source: by Agnem (The Moosestang) at
http://home-and-garden.webshots.com/photo/1202818090060549143qsyRbKThe diagram is diff to read; try registering there and see if you can enlarge it or get a clear view of it.
It does show the IVR as well as each gauge
another Wiring Diagram in an 86 by xris; but does not show IVR, but does show instr cluster connector
Wiring Diagram in an 86
G701 Behind IP near RH side of radio;
G801 for both fuel pumps On LH inner fender behind headlights;
G802 On RH inner fender behind headlights;
G903 At LH side of rear crossmember;
G909 at lower LH cowl access hole;
G1003 On LH side of frame behind front crossmember;
G1006 Rear LH side of frame at rear crossmember;
G1303 at LH radiator support Locations in an 86 (see #5)
Source: by Seabronc (Fred W (Rosie) at Ford Bronco Zone Forums
http://broncozone.com/index.php?app=core&module=attach&section=attach&attach_rel_module=post&attach_id=5713